Caroline Herschel

Herschel is a name ineradicably linked with the discovery, late in the 18th century, of an unrecognised object by William Herschel. Subsequently designated, Uranus, the seventh planet in our system. A remarkable man who migrated physically from the Electorate of Hanover to England, and professionally from music to astronomy. An adaptable musician and notable composer. Curiosity and ambition, beginning with a study of harmonics, led into optics and to reflecting telescopes. Binary stars became a particular passion. His Uranus revelation, the first planetary discovery in millennia made his reputation. Demand for his telescopes meant a healthy and continuing revenue stream. The family became expert at casting, grinding, and polishing mirrors.

Loyal and meticulous, an extraordinary woman.

From music to astronomy

Before this, Caroline Herschel had already entered the astronomical domain. The family lived in Bath, in south-west England, where William initially combined musicianship and astronomy. Caroline gained a reputation as an accomplished soprano.

Observations and comets

She began to assist in William’s astronomy, tabulating his stellar observations. It is recorded that while he remained outside in darkness, she sat indoors beyond an open but curtained window, noting readings that he called out. Gradually she advanced to make her own observations, aided by small reflecting telescope assembled by William. Over time, she identified unknown comets, recorded in the Royal Society’s transactions, and nebulae, some now recognised as distant galaxies. For this, and her continued support for William, the King’s Astronomer, she received a salary. The first woman in England to hold a government position. So far as is known, also the first professional female astronomer.

Catalogues and recognition

After William’s death in 1822 CE, she continued, validating her brother’s findings, and producing extensive star catalogues. A recipient of the Royal Astronomical Society’s Gold Medal. Later, her nephew and William’s son, John Herschel, served as president of the RAS on three occasions. An astronomer and friend of Charles Babbage, but a story for another day.

Legacy

Caroline’s life ended, aged 97. A lunar crater commemorates her contributions, as do two star clusters, and an asteroid, 281 Lucretia.

She gained distinction in science at a time when few females found such opportunities. Loyal and meticulous, an extraordinary woman.